Active listening instruction
teaching students how to listen actively while reading

Cloze
usually statement question with a blank standing for an omitted word that can be  _____ (derived) from the statement's context.

Comprehension strategy
Comprehension strategies foster active reading and guide a reader to become more self-aware of the reader’s own-understanding during reading.

Critical listening
inferring, questioning, and evaluating while listening

Critical reading
inferring, questioning, and evaluating while reading

Direct instruction
The teacher helps students to (1) view reading as a problem solving taks that requires strategic thinking and (2) to learn to think strategically.

Effect size
A statistical term for an summed or averaged difference, usually derived by computing the difference between studies in standard deviation units

Experimenter tests
Tests designed to test for the specific ability taught.

Expository
Explaining and setting forth the text purpose

Meta-analysis
a systematic comparing of differerent scientific studies on a topic, often reporting an effect size of the combined results

Meta-cognitive
awareness and self-control of one's own thinking process during any activity, including reading

Modeling
serving as an example

Narrative
A story or event-based line of thought

Narrative structure
The story-line or event-based organization of a story or essay (see Story structure).

New scientific understanding of comprehension
a cognitive conceptualization of reading that perceives the reader as an active participant who constructs meaning through intentional, problem solving processes.

Plot
Story line

Question answering instruction
teaching students how to find answers available in the text

Reading comprehension
Interpretations made by a reader during reading a text and stored in stored the reader's memory in a way that facillitates the reader's ability to put what was read and interpreted to some use, e.g., to answer questions about that text.

Reciprocal teaching
four main strategies are frequently taught by teacher modeling: generation of questions, summarization, seeking clarification

Semantic processing
Sorting out word meaning.

Semantics
Word meanings

SQ3R
For Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review, SQ3R is a graphic organizer technique first developed in WWII, for military training undergoing accelerated courses.

Standard deviation
A computation that shows how far specific data points in a study spread out from the average (mean) of all the data in that study

Standardized tests
A test that compares results to a reference group, usually drawn from many schools and communities.

Story map
1. Showing the story chain of events on a time line or, 2, maping text relationships regardless of order.

Story structure
The set of a story's episodes, a story line (plot)

Syntax
Relationship between word meanings

Transactional Instruction
Teachers facilitate disucssions in which students (1) collaborate to form joint interpretations of text and )(2) explicity discuss the mental processes and conitive strategies that are invovled in comprehension.